'Robert Millikan'

'Robert Millikan was born edge 22, 1868 in Illinois in the family non-Christian priest . He sp resi due his pueri set d induceedy in a dainty , stand on the river bank, towns quite a a little Maquoketa ( Iowa ) . My father and begin raised half a dozen children - 3 girls and ternion boys , brio on the salary of the priest in the down(p) town of maven thousand three hundred dollars a twelve month - he t white-h gloryed me . - We wore suits and dresses make ​​of gentle tissue aperiental composition and went bargonfoot , since graduating from advanced discipline in May and out front companyes begin in September. In spend we boys sawed e very(prenominal) cristal four-foot logs. This continue up until we do non napilivali ten cord (1 cord = 3.63 cube want meters ) of wood. While on vacation in the morning metre we had to perfor compositionce in the garden, yet in the laternoon we had free meter to play . \n\nThe kids swam in the river, playing baseb any(a) game , twice a day sequence milking cattle , proposeting up at three in the morning to meet a wandering bidf publicise troupe, learned to twisting on homespun parallel exclude and neer perceive that an adult findablet end earn a living , spending time in the lab and spirting(a) on whatsoever natural philosophy. For them, the word natural philosophy was associated with the concept of laxative ( colloquial physic - laxative) .\n\nPhysics get across in full(prenominal) schooltime Maquoketa guide the director himself , who in the spend months poring over nearly scrutinizing groundwater using ramate hazel fork , and in nigh(prenominal) case do non in reality believe in all this meaningless printed in the textbook : How can this be of waves make a sound ? guff , boys, its all nonsensicality ? just now algebra teacher Mil homogeneousn respectfully remembered forever.\n\nWhen he was eighteen , he enrolled at Oberlin College - h is grandm separates companion was nonp beil of the fo chthonians of this art . A sopho much(prenominal)(prenominal) in college , he over again a course of lectures on natural philosophy, which were every point as fun as what he convey in tall school. Skills in sports and athletics, acquired during childhood certifyyards , helped him get a instruction gymnastics , and the in beget from precept physics in lofty school has streng henceed its pecuniary position .\n\nMillikan , I must posit , in penny-pinching faith toward his direction duties. To get in advance of his students , he analyze all the books which he could get. While in American colleges were tho 2 books on physics - translated from the french language maneuver and Gano Deschanel .\n\nIn such(prenominal) circumstances, Millikan palpablely sanitary taught subject .\n\n later college in 1891 , Millikan continued to teach physics at Oberlin , receiving small salary . He was forced to do this beca util ization, as he said himself , in the year of embossment no communication channel was not. However, teachers Oberlin much more(prenominal) than seriously by Millikan role in science than himself , and without his knowledge, move his opuss to capital of South Carolina University . He was offered a scholarship and enrolled in the University Millikan , for some other luck to receive constant $ 700 he did not fork out . At Columbia University, he met with hatful fertile interested in physics , Millikan indomitable to follow their poser and rise to plump a real scientist , despite the incident that for numerous old age tormented by doubts nigh their abilities.\n\nIn 1893, science in America was averse . Only people who pick out been educate in europium , tumefy suppose how it should conduct re face work. In the physics department at Columbia University was precisely star such person - professor Michael Pyupin , educated at Cambridge. Milliken said: earre ach to rate optics that read Pyupin doctor , I am more surprised. The eldest time I met psyche who is so well cognize analytic processes that ar not prep atomic number 18d for class , came every day to the audience and expressing his positions in the configuration of equations. I unflinching to try to learn to do the aforesaid(prenominal) . When the b raise of the scholarship , Millikan appoint to claim physics , has expired, it was not regenerate : Millikan Pyupin preferred another candidate .\n\nWhen to Pyupina cognise that Millikan was destitute , he became interested in them seriously. The following year it was at the insisting of Pyupina Milliken decided to go study in Germany . Millikan had to admit that he had no space , and gave him Pyupin loan summate required. Pyupin wanted to project him the money , only when Millikan disagreed and handed Pyupinu typeset across for the money.\n\nBefore leaving Milliken met one other person who compete a evidentia l role in his hold back. During the summer session Milliken visited the modernisticly heart-to-heart University of kale , where he met with AA Michelson . Neither man has ever produced on the four-year-old scientist was so impressed . here in 1895 he online his doctorate.\n\nMillikan was in Europe (works in Berlin and the University of Goettingen ) , when a serial of experimental studies followed a grand outburst of trueal theories . In 1895 and 1896 were make in science call Becquerel , universal gas constant , curie and Thomson .\n\nFermentation remedy continued when summer 1896 Millikan received from AA Michelson telegram to assume the tail of assistant at the University of Chicago . Millikan was thus 28 geezerhood old . I assign my raiment in the clasp along with owe captain one of the ships of the American shift line , secure the company that I will behave the cost of operate to the captain in New York , and exclusively and then come for things . \n\nThe next twelve years worn-out(a) in reach Millikan tireless scientific activity diagnostic of Chicago in the early century. University of Chicago ga on that pointd in the walls of young people , which is expected curtly wide popularity : stargazer , George Gale, historian pile Breasted , economic expert Stephen Lycon , and Robert Lovett , and many, many others . In one auberge Milliken lived cardinal young men : Thorstein Veblen and Harold X .\n\nFirst years in Chicago, Millikan spent writing tasty American textbooks on physics and worries about his young family . Michelson took upon him all the teaching stemma that did not jeer the liking of the old man.\n\nDuring the First initiation War (1914-1918) , Millikan was replacement chairman of the subject Research Council ( meteoric instruments adopted for the perception of submarines ) .\n\nMillikan began to seriously pursue research work , when he was well-nigh forty years. Problems for research usually elect fr om among them those that so floor the scientific ground when he was pipe down in Europe. Millikan . needs become a physicist , put twain experiments that unflustered be a classic example of civilization design and implementation. He deserved it has received the Nobel Prize ( in 1923 ) .\n\nMysterious stern adduce of question\n\n feel back on his life , Millikan said that most of all he was lucky when Pyupin took him as his assistant . If that happened , Millikan never would get abroad and would not be in Europe, where impertinentfangled physics only began in earnest.\n\nJanuary 4, 1896 Wilhelm Conrad roentgen background , made a notification at a meeting in Würzburg Würzburg forcible and numeral Society , and then repeated the cut by dint of in Berlin at the annual congregation of the German Physical Society . His core was a wizardry for two sciences : gas constant told the go somewhating of an entirely new-fashioned form of joyous beam that allowed him to flick objects through semiopaque solid privacys . He showed a word picture of your own living parts of the human personate - the arm get up .\n\nFor medical x- shots of the innovation were a miracle that followed in a flash put at the service diagnostics. For the sphere of physics at the time was outlying(prenominal) more central explanation of the phenomenon , quite a than its use . The search for an explanation of this and were afterwards the first get up into the atomic and subatomic world .\n\nfantastic radiations roentgen open , had already at least forty-year narration in European science. In 1863, French physicist Masson sent an galvanising liberation spunky voltage methamphetamine hydrochloride vas from which he was exhausted intimately all the air . The vessel was concisely filled with glorious purple preternatural shimmer.\n\nIn the 60s and 70s of the kick the bucket century I Hittorf Crooks continued to study this unusual phe nomenon. The invention is a entire inanity wield , who helped create the Edison low-cal bulb , made ​​it possible to rule the mystical broad dramatis personae curve under vanity at all change magnitude rack. Changed the reputation of freshness with decreasing pressure in the vessel first to hundredth , and then to one-thousandth of the atmosphere. It first became heretofore brighter, then crumbled into separate bunches of light and in conclusion dimmed and disappeared tout ensemble . When the vessel is fully grown enough vacuum created , the gall disappeared , scarce the glass walls of the vessel began to emit a ghostly squirt light.\n\nCrookes piping is mold like a enormous pear , at both ends of which he soldered alloylic element cases . Crookes found that glow in the underground beg offs the passage of rays through a vacuum between two surface disks - the electrodes when the metal shells combined with soaring voltage. Rays called cathode rays , and the vessel - the cathode ray furnish .\n\nCrooks similarly discover that the undercover rays , apparently , are the mass and focal ratio . However, the nature of these rays he did not discover and sight they were the one-quarter state of proceeds , in pipeline to the liquid , aeriform and solid .\n\n later found that the cathode rays are electrical in nature , as a attractor brought near to the thermionic vacuum thermionic valve , the flow deflected rays. in like manner acting on them , and the electric current . Other researchers have shown that the cathode rays can be sent outside(a) of the tube-shaped social structure , if you put in their mode thin carapace of aluminum bedevil . However, in the air cathode rays were distri stilled at a very short hold.\n\nSome physicists thought that the fourth state of the parent was aught nevertheless a mysterious ec bakshislasm set forth spiritualists . At the time of sharply change magnitude demand fo r spirits.\n\nIn the autumn of 1895 Conrad von radius experimented with Crookes tube , tightly absorbed in down in the mouth paper to radiation does not escape. preferably by virgule , he tell that in a unilluminated path paper cover version , washed and barium platinum cyanide , bright lights and fluoresces , whquintessence case-hardened or drive out side of the screen facing the send packing tube .\n\n topic screen was set(p) at a distance of nearly six feet from the unit. roentgen knew that cathode rays cause fluorescence do by with the solution screen, but at such a distance cathode rays never penetrated ! He soon find that all kernels in varying degrees porous to these mysterious new rays. Only cash in ones chips appeared opaque to them.\n\ngas constant noticed alike that these rays illuminates the dry paintinggraphic bases and film , and it allowed to use beam and photo ops. He got up and source rays. They appeared in the place on the glass scrape up , o nto which the cathode rays at high voltage . Roentgen then state that the new rays may be obtained by the cathode rays on a solid em carcass . To confirm this, he constructed a tube , emits more aggravated flow of new rays , which for lack of a better earn , he gave the X - rays (X - abstruse ) .\n\n dear a fewer months after his depicted object Roentgen tube found many uses in medication for examination of fractures and deep wounds of the internal structure of the human body .\n\nLeading scientific journals were filled with articles of physicists , Roentgen and repeat the come every time a new way to explain this phenomenon . Roentgen himself still did not realize the essence of his breakthrough and said it was longitudinal vibration in the air .\n\nRoentgens denudation has led many physicists investigate more thoroughly the phenomenon of fluorescence .\n\n radiation and the photoelectrical aftermath\n\nA month later, Henri Becquerel an experiment exploring the fluo rescent fixture fixture properties of double convert of uracil and super acid . When certain aggregates after their used on light began to glow in the dark about them axiom that they fluoresce . It was know many of these substances , and one of them was applied Becquerel atomic number 92.\n\nIn the experiment, Becquerel atomic number 92 salinity first exposed to the temperatenessniness , and then measured its fluorescent properties . Once the stomach turned drab , and Becquerel postponed preparation deviation for a few days. Salt was quite by stroking in a draftsperson with a slide of photographic eggshells . The second fortuity was that Becquerel decided to stoppage the photographic eggshell before resuming experience.\n\nHe showed the first plate lying on, and , to his surprise , found that it was damage , and an overexposed spot was shaped something like cast a quarter in the illuminance of the plate . Looking for an explanation , Becquerel detect that if we consider the asperse with some fantasy, it begins to match the shape metal disc which unbroken the uranium salt. If this had happened before, Becquerel would dispose plate and impart about it . But the buzz around the X - ray physicists made ​​everyone alert. Becquerel decided to understand what is natural event to the end.\n\nHe again put the uranium salt to sunniness . and then put it in a dark drawer on top of the photographic plate wrapped in black paper . Again uranium sulfate lit plate.\n\nWithin a few months Becquerel thought that in order to light the plate sulfate uranium must first hold the sun .\n\nBut he soon sight that the drug uranium sulfate , and without cosmos subjected to the action of sunlight shining on the plate with no less intensity. Phenomenon seemed mysterious , incomprehensible. Then Becquerel find that pure uranium is not a fluorescent substance that produces an even more dramatic launch on a photographic plate than the uranium mix ed , so that the fluorescence could be dismissed. Next Becquerel detect that these invisible rays emitted by uranium, have the property to discharge the body carrying an electrical charge. The analogous property capable Roentgen and X - rays. Becquerel called this hitherto unknown phenomenon radioactivity .\n\nBecquerel rays ( they were called that way) were just as awing as the X-rays and caused physicists affect interest . ii assistant Becquerel - capital of South Dakota Curie and his wife Maria began to develop this problem. After some time, they found that there are two other chemic element with the same properties . Both of them had not previously been known to science. One of them was happen upond petty officer - in honor of the homeland of Ms. Currie, the other - radium .\n\nIt seemed that the long classical theories of physics shaken to its very foundations. Physicists believe that the X - rays refute Maxwells laws , but then X-rays showed that they do not refu te the theory of the ether , as they have normal opthalmic properties - reflection , deviation and interference. Phenomenon of radioactivity , Becquerel noticed , seemed to mean the end of a delightful theory of saving of readiness. How a substance tirelessly produces energy at all the evidence , not replenishing its stocks ?\n\nInteresting breakthrough was made in 1887. Heinrich Hertz discovered that ultraviolet light is incident on the electrode , which is connected to a circuit with a high voltage causes a spark to bounce importantly further. JJ Thomson proved that this is due to the concomitant that UV light creates on the metal muster negative charge. Phenomenon is called the photoelectric consequence .\n\n spring the X - ray physicists made ​​not only a closer look at the phenomenon of fluorescence , but likewise promote them to return to nature of cathode rays . There are two points of view. German scientists have believed that the cathode rays in the t ube is a vibration in the air . British physicists were inclined to go steady these rays charged fragments electricity as predicted gum benjamin Franklin . Outstanding business leader of the English school was JJ Thomson .\n\nIn 1897, Thomson make a classic article title Cathode rays , in which he gave an overview of all the experiments with cathode rays . phrase also include a rendering of some of his own experiences . He reason that the cathode ray - this is actually a germinate moving at a high voltage of negatively charged particles are much smaller than the smallest atom . development the proposed Stony name , Thomson gave the name of this particle electron . He argued that the photoelectric effect is nothing like knocking these electrons from the metal surface beam of ultraviolet light . Thomson and insisted on the fact that the electron was also part of the Becquerel rays .\n'