International Development Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International Development Study - Essay Example Whereas some individuals may frown upon the fact that a college student does not declare a major, I believe that my lack of a major up until this point has enabled me to clearly engage with the course material that I have had the opportunity to learn as well as form an informed decision regarding what specific areas of interest capture both my overall interest and imagination. Accordingly, from the aforementioned reasons as well as a desire to analyze key situations that continue to define and divide our current world system, it is my wish to pursue a major within the IDS program. It should be further noted that during the course of my studies, I have maintained high marks and exceptional participation within each and every one of the courses that are tangentially related to the issues that would be covered within the international development studies program. Additionally, as my transcripts will show, I maintained a high level of scholastic achievement in all other associated coursework as well. As such, it is my request and hope that I will be considered for an opportunity to declare my major as an International Development

Devine Love vs Human Love Essay Example for Free

Devine Love vs Human Love Essay End of the Affair both distinguish between divine love and human love. A common thread that runs throughout is the inconsistencies that are associated with human love and the unconditional nature of divine love. Both Greene and Lewis use familial, platonic and erotic love to illustrate the distinction between divine love and human love with the result that the reader appreciates that human love is superficial given for the wrong reasons while divine love is authentic love given for all the right reasons. Moreover, both Greene and Lewis use their protagonists to demonstrate that while human love is characterized by negative emotions such as jealousy and selfishness, divine love is kind and unselfish. This paper focuses on the varieties of love featured in both books and demonstrates how modernity tends to prioritize human love over divine love with a view to rationalizing how and why romantic, familial and erotic love, all forms of human love are displaced in both novels. In each of the novels, the inescapable message is that erotic love is fragile and recklessly teeters on the outer fringes of hate. C. S. Lewis’s Till We Have Faces: A Myth Retold As in Greene’s The End of the Affair Lewis’s Till We Have Faces: A Myth Retold Human love is unveiled for all its inherent flaws. Orual, the central figure in Lewis’s Till We Have Faces: A Myth Retold recounts her relationship with her sister Psyche. Through Orual Lewis permits his reader to follow the progression of that relationship laying bare the weaknesses associated with affectionate love that Orual has for her sister Psyche and how that love develops into possessive love. Exemplifying the frailties of human love, particularly familial love, Lewis also demonstrates how human love can be conditional and selfish by exposing the fragile relationship between Orual and her father. Perhaps more importantly, Lewis uses these unique familial relationships to demonstrate how selfish human love can transform into hate. In summary Till We Have Faces is a re-telling of the Greek mythical story of Cupid/Eros and Psyche. In Lewis’s re-telling the story is reconstructed through the eyes of Orual who is represented as unattractive and jealous and uniquely disgruntled by the Gods’ mistreatment of her. Psyche, the beautiful sister is the object to Orual’s affections. In this re-telling Lewis deliberately complicates familial love in that Orual’s love for her sister is obsessive. On the other side of the spectrum, Redival’s love for Orual is spurious and the love for Psyche by King Trom is self-deceptive. Fox’s love for Orual and Psyche is also transient. Lewis also ventures into sexual/erotic love which is multifaceted in Till We Have Faces. Orual’s love for Bardia is unrequited, Ansit’s love for Bardia is frustrating and of course there is the superficial infatuation of men for Orual in her veiled condition. Lewis also takes pains to demonstrate that self-love is destructive in presenting duality in Orual who loves and hates herself all at once. This duality is selfish and damaging at the same time. Above all however, the emphasis is on divine love and implicit in this re-telling is a transition from Greek Philosophical times to modern Christianity. (Hooper, 1996, 250) Father Peter Milward writes of Till We Have Faces: â€Å"The main themes are, (1) Natural affection, if left to mere nature, easily becomes a special kind of hatred, (2) God is, to our natural affections, the ultimate object of jealousy. † (Hooper, 1996, 250) Psyche as reconstructed by Lewis has a natural predisposition for affection for divinity whereas Psyche’s love for divinity coincides with Orual’s love for humankind particularly her love for Psyche. While Psyche’s love for the gods are first and foremost in her heart, Orual’s love for Psyche comes first and each sister regards her love as the natural love. For Orual Psyche represents â€Å"the beginning of my [Orual’s] joys. † (Lewis, 20) On the other hand, Psyche derives her greatest at a time just before she is sacrificed to Cupid as it is a means of bringing her closer tot he gods. (Lewis, 74) Orual’s love for Psyche however is aligned to hatred and becomes a means by which Lewis demonstrates the superficial nature of human love whether familial or romantic in nature. Orual’s so-called love and affection for her sister fluctuates from love to hate in a manner which can only leave the impression that the love is fickly to begin with and not based on sound principles or values. For instance the night before Psyche is sacrificed Orual reveals that her sister has â€Å"made me, in a way, angry. † (Lewis, 71) Moreover the following day, Orual dreams her sister â€Å"was my [Orual’s] greatest enemy. † (Lewis, 71) The remainder of the first part of Till We Have Faces is characterized by this king of fluctuations of Orual’s affections for her sister. The inconsistencies are not lost on Psyche who observes: â€Å"I am not sure whether I like your kind [of love] better than hatred. † (Lewis, 165) Superimposed in this aspect of human love as illustrated through Lewis’s Orual is the damaging elements of human love whether romantic or familial. Orual’s love for her sister is characterized by two fatal flaws. First she loves her sister in such a way that she easily allows it to fall into hatred. Secondly, Orual permits her hatred to rebound to the gods. The love-hate scenario from Orual to Psyche is connected to the gods to the extent that Orual permits her love for Psyche to become possessive. That possessive love turns to a dangerous jealousy which is borne out of the presumption that Psyche loves the gods to the exclusion of Orual who in turn holds the gods accountable for taking Psyche’s love from her. Orual’s jealousy is so strong that she’d rather the gods had killed her sister than made her immortal. She laments: â€Å"We’d rather they were ours and dead than yours and made immortal. † (Lewis, 291) Psyche’s love for the gods is interpreted by Orual as a theft by the gods. To her way of thinking the gods took Psyche’s love from her and she says as much, â€Å"Psyche was mine and no one else had any right to her. †(Lewis, 291-292) Lewis intent with respect to Orual’s reaction to Psyche and her affection for the gods were specifically delineated in a letter he sent to Katerine Farrer. Lewis explains in the letter that Orual’s jealousy and attitude toward her sister’s relationship with the God was intended to convey the typical reaction of family members when a relative gives his life to Christianity. Lewis explained in the letter that the reaction of family members is typified by Orual’s when: â€Å"someone becomes a Christian, or in a family nominally Christian already, does something like become a missionary or enter a religious order. The others suffer a sense of outrage. What they love is being taken away from them. † (Hooper, 249) In other words Orual’s angst with the gods finds its place in the kind of jealousy that one family member experiences when it appears to them that a loved one religion replaces them. In much the same way Orual’s bitterness stems from a jealousy which is founded on love. The self-destructive and selfish nature of human love is also succinctly illustrated through Orual. In Lewis’s characterization of Orual she increasingly subscribes to the notion that if she can’t have her sister then she will not permit anyone else have her. Orual convinces Psyche to look upon her lover, despite his warning to the contrary. In her way of thinking Orual perceives that she is saving Psyche and to prove her intention she cuts her arm. The danger of Orual’s love and the dangerous manner in which her love for her sister influences her thinking and perception are revealed in the following excerpt from Till We Have Faces: â€Å"How could she hate me, when my arm throbbed and burned with the wound I had given it for her love? † (Lewis, 169) Ironically, the gods whose love Orual condemns closely mirrors Orual’s idea of love which is self-serving and consuming. It is not until the novel nears its conclusion that Orual comes to the realization that how love was commandeered by avarice and self-satisfaction. In this way Lewis is able to expose the superficial nature of human love. This is finally accomplished with Orual coming to terms with and accepting that her desire to have Psyche, the Fox and Bardia all to herself was entirely wrong. Lewis uses Ansit to voice the meaning of real or divine love by having him provide a brief commentary on Orual’s love. Ansit, referring to Orual’s pursuit of Bardia notes that: â€Å"He was to live the life he though best and fittest for a great man—not that which would most pleasure me. † (Lewis, 264)

Evaluation Of An Error Control Codec Information Technology Essay

Evaluation Of An Error Control Codec Information Technology Essay The assignments object is to design and evaluate an error control codec. This aims to prove in practice the Hamming code theory. In the first part there is a design of an encoder and its simulation. From the encoder simulation we can figure how the code words are generated and when a codeword is valid. The decoder purpose is to recover the codeword from the received word. To accomplish this, syndrome theory was used. A design and a simulation of the decoder is shown in answer 2. Final, a codec is designed with an addition of XOR gates to introduce errors. The main reason of this is to understand why Hamming code can detect 2 errors and correct only one. Introduction to Hamming linear block codes Noise causes errors (data distortion) during transmission. So, a received message has bit errors. A repercussion of noise is the alteration of one or more bits of a codeword. Alteration of a bit means inversion of its situation because signals have binary form. Some examples of noisy communication channels are: a) an analogue telephone line which, over which two modems communicate digital information and b) a disk drive. There are two solutions that can achieve perfect communication over an imperfect noisy communication channel, physical and system solution. Physical modifications increase the cost of the communication channel. Information theory and coding theory offer an alternative approach: we accept the given noisy channel as it is and add communication systems to it, so that we can detect and correct the errors introduced by the channel. As shown in figure 1, we add an encoder before the channel and a decoder after it. The encoder encodes the source message s into a transmitted message t, adding redundancy to the original message in some way. The channel adds noise to the transmitted message, yielding a received message r. The decoder uses the known redundancy introduced by the encoding system to infer both the original signal and the added noise. Figure 1 Error correcting codes for the binary symmetric channel [1] The only cost for system solution is a computational requirement at the encoder and decoder. Error detection and error correction In order to make error correction possible, the bit errors must be detected. When an error has been detected, the correction can be obtained by: a) receiver asks for repeated transmission of the incorrect codeword until a correct one has been received Æ’Â   Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) b) using the structure of the error correcting code to correct the error Æ’Â   Forward Error Correction (FEC). Forward Error Correction is been use for this assignment. Error Detection Automatic Repeat Request Forward Error Correction Block Code Block Code Convolutional Code Figure 2 The main methods to introduce error correction coding Linear block codes Linear block codes are a class of parity check codes that can be characterized by the (n, k) notation. The encoder transforms a block of k message digits into a longer block of n codeword digits constructed from a given alphabet of elements. When the alphabet consists of two elements (0 and 1), the code is a binary code comprising binary digits (bits).[4] The current assignment of linear block codes is restricted to binary codes. The output of an information source is a sequence of binary digits 0 or 1 (since we discuss about binary codes). In block coding, this binary information sequence is segmented into message blocks of fixed length. Each block can represent any of 2k distinct messages. The channel encoder transforms each k-bit data block into a larger block of n bits, called code bits. The (n-k) bits, which the channel encoder adds to each data block, are called redundant or parity bits. Redundant or parity bits carry no information. Such a code is referred to as an (n, k) code. [5] The encoding result is the codeword. Any generator matrix of an (n, k) code can be reduced by row operations and column permutations to the systematic form. [6] We call a systematic code the code where the first k digits (information or message bits) of the code word are exactly the same as the message bits block and the last n-k digits are the parity bits as it shown below. Message Information bits Redundant or parity bits k n-k n digit codeword Figure 3 (n, k systematic block code) Encoding and Decoding of Linear Block Codes The generator matrix is a matrix of basis vectors. The generator matrix G for an (n, k) block code can be used to generate the appropriate n-digit codeword from any given k-digit data sequence. The H and corresponding G matrices for the current assignment block code (6, 3) are shown below: Æ’Â   H is the parity check matrix Æ’Â   G is the generator matrix The first three columns are the data bits and the rest three columns are the parity bits. Systematic code words are sometimes written so that the message bits occupy the left hand portion of the codeword and the parity bits occupy the right hand portion. This reordering has no effect on the error detection or error correction properties of the code.[4] Study of G shows that on the left of the dotted partition there is a 33 unit diagonal matrix and on the right of the partition there is a parity check section. This part of G is the transpose of the left hand portion of H. As this code has a single error correcting capability then dmin, and the weight of the codeword must be 3. As the identity matrix has a single one in each row then the parity check section must contain at least two ones. In addition to this constraint, rows cannot be identical. [7] The parity check bits are selected so they are independent of each other. The Hamming distance between two code words is defined as the number of bits in which they differ. The weight of a binary codeword is defined as the number of ones which it contains (the number of the nonzero elements-bits). The codeword is given by the multiplication of data bits and the generator matrix. The operations of modulo-2 multiplication (AND) and modulo-2 addition (EXOR) are used for the binary field. Æ’Â   EXOR addition Æ’Â   AND multiplication The parity check equations are shown below: If the components of the output transmission satisfy these equations: then the received codeword is valid. These equations can be written in a matrix form: where c is the codeword. The syndrome Let c be a code vector which was transmitted over a noisy channel. At the receiver we might obtain a corrupted vector r. Decoder must recover c from r. The decoder computes, S=Hr where S is called the syndrome and r is the received vector (arranged as a column vector) then if, then r is not a code word. The syndrome is the result of a parity check performed on r to determine whether r is a valid member of the codeword set. If r is a member the syndrome S has a value 0. If r contains detectable errors, the syndrome has some nonzero value. The decoder will take actions to locate the errors and correct them in the case of FEC. No column of H can be all zeros, or else an error in the corresponding codeword position would not affect the syndrome and would be undetectable. All columns of H must be unique. If two columns of H were identical, errors in these two corresponding codeword positions would be indistinguishable. [4] Hamming code can correct a single bit error and detect two bit errors assuming no correction is attempted. Answers to assignment questions Task 1 Design the encoder for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting codec using the interleaved [P1P2D1P3D2D3] format. You can implement your parity generation using XOR gates. Simulate your circuit to check for correct operation. Answer 1 An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a bitstream) or data into a code. The code may serve any of a number of purposes such as compressing information for transmission or storage, encrypting or adding redundancies to the input code, or translating from one code to another. This is usually done by means of a programmed algorithm, especially if any part is digital, while most analog encoding is done with analog circuitry. [3] Encoder creates the codeword in a combination of information and parity bits. Interleaving is a way to arrange data in a non-contiguous way in order to increase performance and avoid burst errors. In our case we use interleaved to protect the data bits from continuous error. Figure 4 Encoder design for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting codec Since the encoder is for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting codec, that means there are 3 information bits and 3 parity bits. Thus, 8 code words are generated from the encoder Æ’Â   2k where k are information bits Æ’Â   23=8. The H and G matrix are shown below for a (6, 3) Hamming code: All possible code words Message x G = Codeword Weight [000] x G 000000 0 [001] x G 001011 3 [010] x G 010101 3 [100] x G 100110 3 [011] x G 011110 4 [101] x G 101101 4 [110] x G 110011 4 [111] x G 111000 3 Table 1 All possible code words The minimum distance is dmin=3 Figure 5 Encoder simulation Checking if c=(D1D2D3P1P2P3) is a codeword The EXOR gate () is a logic gate that gives an output of 1 when only one of its inputs is 1. X1 (Input) X2 (Input) Y1 (Output) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Table 2 Truth table of EXOR Gate Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   Æ’Â   c is a valid codeword. Task 2 Design the decoder for a (6,3) Hamming single error correcting coded using the interleaved [P1P2D1P3D2D3] format. You can use a 3-to-8 line decoder for syndrome decoding and XOR gates for the controlled inversion. Simulate your circuit to check for correct operation. Answer 2 A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an encoder, undoing the encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. The same method used to encode is usually just reversed in order to decode. [3] Decoder tries to reveal the correct data word from the codeword. Thus means that here is the process where detection and correction of codeword take place. Figure 6 Decoder design for a (6.3) Hamming single error correcting codec Decode the received codeword Figure 7 Decoder simulation r is the received word Æ’Â   111000 Æ’Â   Æ’Â   r is code word Task 3 Join your encoder to decoder and add an XOR gate with an input in each bit transmission line to allow you to introduce errors into the transmission. Simulate your circuit and check that it can cope with the six single errors as expected. Answer 3 Figure 8 Codec desing Figure 9 Six single errors As it shown from the above figure the codec can cope with the six single errors. This is possible because: Message x G = Encoder Codeword Weight [000] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 000000 0 [001] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 001011 3 [010] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 010101 3 [100] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 100110 3 [011] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 011110 4 [101] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 101101 4 [110] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 110011 4 [111] x G à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 111000 3 Table 3 All possible code words and their hamming weight The minimum distance of a linear block code is defined as the smallest Hamming distance between any pair of code words in the code.[5] The minimum distance is dmin=3. The error correcting capability t of a code is defined as the maximum number of guaranteed correctable errors per codeword. where t is the error correcting capability For dmin=3 we can see that all t=1 bit error patterns are correctable. In general, a t-error correcting (n, k) linear code is capable of correcting a total of 2n-k error patterns.[4] Task 4 By experimenting with your implemented codec, examine the effect, in terms of additional errors, of (i) all 15 double errors, (ii) all 20 triple errors, (iii) all 15 quadruple errors, (iv) all 6 quintuple errors, (v) the single sextuple error. Note. You only need consider one of the 8 possible input data words. Why? Answer 4 (i) Figure 10 15 double errors (ii) Figure 11 20 triple errors (iii) Figure 12 15 quadruple errors (iv) Figure 13 6 quintuple errors (v) Figure 14 The single sextuple error Since the error correcting capability is tà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤1, our codec cant detect or correct more than 1 error. Thus, the above results. Task 5 Calculate the post codec probability of a code being in error, A(n), for each of the five categories examined in Task 4. Then calculate the overall number of errors per 6 bit word, Eav, given by the following model based on the binomial distribution as function of the channel bit error probability p. Plot the decoded error probability as function of p. Over what range of p do you conclude that this codec is useful and why? Answer 5 A(n)=1-(number of correct errors/number of total errors) A(n) is going to be always 1 except the case where the codec detects and corrects 1 single error Æ’Â   then A(n)=1 Using matlab for the plot p=[0:0.01:1]; Eav=[15*p.^2.*(1-p).^4+20*p.^3.*(1-p).^3+15*p.^4.*(1-p).^2+6*p.^5.*(1-p).^1+p.^6.*(1-p).^0];pd=Eav/6; plot(p,pd) xlabel(Bit error probability (p)) ylabel(Decoder error probability Pd(p)) grid on Figure 15 Plot of decoder error probability (pd) as function of p Conclusions Parity bits must be added for the error detection and correction. Hamming distance is the criterion for error detection and correction. Error detection can be done with addition of one parity bit but error correction needs more parity bits (Hamming code). Hamming code can detect 2 bit errors assuming no correction is attempted. Hamming code can correct only a single bit error. The ability to correct single bit errors comes at a cost which is less than sending the entire message twice. Sending a message twice is not accomplish an error correction.

Essay --

Jessica's paper rough draft (Into) Some pain can't always be seen, what if a patient complains of sharp stabbing pains and describes it as being stung by a thousand bees all at once, and at the same time feels like their foot is on fire. Maybe the foot is swollen or discolored. Pain is not always visable. Sounds like classic nerve pain and we would be sypathic and prescribe pain control medications. Would you be less sympathetic and unwilling to give pain medications if you knew this patient had a history of substance abuse? Its time to break the stigma that patients with a history of substance abuse will abuse perscription opioids for pain control or are Dr. shopping. All patients should be treated equaly and have the oppertunity to live a pain free life. Often nurses are on the front lines helping these patients manage pain. This paper will show that non Judgmental attitudes together with problem solving approaches and routine drug screenings a patient with prior abuse can be treated for chronic pain successfully. (Relevance and applicability) Most patients do take their medications as directed, but there has been more attention in the media of the abuse of perscription medications. This is in part of the ageing population and opioids being widely accepted and used more often these days for the chronic non cancer pain paitent (1pg1) Although Studies show that the rate abuse of opioid patients with chronic pain is only 3% to 17% which is fairly low compared to the population. (Art1 pg32) The reason some paitents abuse opioids or turn to the illicit use of street drugs is t... ... vigilance in monitoring and may need to be treated for opioid abuse and or pshycatric help. (Conclusion) As opioids are becoming more acceptable as an on going treatment for chronic pain patients, the risks also rises for abuse of prescription drugs. For these reasons it's not only just limited to those patients with substance abuse issues, but also to patients without prior abuse histories. A cancer patient who has no prior substance abuse history should not be treated any more humanly or shown more compassion then a cancer patient with a prior substance abuse issue. It's important to achieve a therapeutic balance with all patients and specially those who live with chronic pain. With all the readily available studies, tests and assessments no one should have to live a half life with chronic pain Regardless of their history.

Consumer Behavior Essay

This section describes the roles of product appearance in the process of consumer evaluation and choice. For this aim, literature in the fields of product development, product design, consumer behavior, marketing, and human factors has been searched. The literature shows that the visual appearance of a product can influence consumer product evaluations and choice in several ways. Several authors considered the role of product or package appearance in consumer product evaluation or choice (Bloch, 1995; Garber, 1995; Garber et al. , 2000; Veryzer, 1993; Veryzer, 1995). However, they did not discuss explicitly the different ways in which appearance influences consumer choice and their respective implications for product design. In addition to these more recent contributions to the literature, the functions of a product in consumer–product interaction are described in earlier industrial design literature (Lo? bach, 1976; Pilditch, 1976; Schu? rer, 1971). Several of these functions concern product appearance. There are differences between authors in the number of roles (i. e. , functions) of product appearance they distinguish and the terms they use. For example, communication of ease of use was mentioned by Bloch (1995) and was described as part of the aesthetic function by Lo? bach (1976), while Veryzer (1995) called it the communicative function of a product appearance. If all the roles mentioned in the literature are considered as a whole, the following six roles of product appearance for consumers can be distinguished: (1) communication of aesthetic, (2) symbolic, (3) functional, and (4) ergonomic product information; (5) attention drawing; and (6) categorization. A description of these six roles and their implications for product design follows. Product Appearance and Aesthetic Product Value The aesthetic value of a product pertains to the pleasure derived from seeing the product, without consideration of utility (Holbrook, 1980). A consumer can value the ‘‘look’’ of a product purely for its own sake, as looking at something beautiful is rewarding in itself. When product alternatives are similar in functioning and price, consumers will prefer the one that appeals the most to them aesthetically (see, for example, Figure 1). Aesthetic responses are primarily emotional or feeling responses, and as such they are very personal (Bamossy et al. , 1983). Several researchers have tried to determine properties of products that are related to aesthetic appreciation. Innate preferences are proposed for visual organization principles, such as unity (i. e. , congruence in elements), proportion (e. g. , ‘‘the Golden Section’’), and symmetry (Hekkert, 1995; Muller, 2001; Veryzer, 1993; Veryzer and Hutchinson, 1998), and an inverted U-shaped relation is proposed between aestheticpreference and complexity (Berlyne, 1971). Another property influencing aesthetic judgments is color. The desirability of a color will change according to the object to which it is applied (e. g. , a car or a table) and with the style of the object (e. g. , modern or Georgian) (Whitfield and Wiltshire, 1983). In addition to (innate) preferences for certain properties of stimuli, prototypicality is found to influence the aesthetic response. Proto typicality is the degree to which something is representative of a category (see also the section about categorization). In several studies, evidence is found for a positive influence of visual prototypicality on aesthetic preference (Hekkert, 1995; Veryzer and Hutchinson, 1998; Whitfield and Slatter, 1979). According to Hekkert et al. (2003), products with an optimal combination of prototypicality and novelty are preferred aesthetically. As well as the product-related characteristics previously mentioned, there are cultural, social, and personal influences on design taste. For example, color preferences differ between cultures and in time (Whitfield and Wiltshire, 1983). In addition, personal factors, such as design acumen, prior experience, and personality influence the design taste of consumers (Bloch, 1995). The influence of an aesthetic judgment on product preference can be moderated by the perceived aesthetic fit of the product with other products the consumer owns, or his or her home interior (Bloch, 1995). Product Appearance and Symbolic Product Value Consumer goods carry and communicate symbolic meaning (McCracken, 1986). Symbolic value even can be the key determinant for product selection (Hirschman and Holbrook, 1982) and can account for the selection of products that clearly are inferior in their tangible characteristics (Levy, 1959). An example of the latter is Philippe Starck’s Juicy Salif lemon squeezer (Lloyd and Snelders, 2003). The choice for a specific product or brand may convey the kind of person someone is or wants to be; consumers use products to express their (ideal) self-image to themselves and to others (Belk, 1988; Landon, 1974; Sirgy, 1982; Solomon, 1983). Symbolic meaning can be attached to a product or brand on the basis of, among other things, advertising (McCracken, 1986), country of origin, or the kind of people using it (Sirgy, 1982). But the productitself also can communicate symbolic value in a more direct way, namely by its appearance. A product’s appearance communicates messages (Murdoch and Flurscheim, 1983), as it may look cheerful, boring, friendly, expensive, rude, or childish (see, for example, Figure 2). In addition, a certain style of appearance may evoke associations with a certain time or place (e. g. , the Fifties). Furthermore, the product or package appearance can reinforce the image of a brand, as the identity of a brand is expressed visually in the appearance of products (Schmitt and Simonson, 1997). Consumers may attach the meaning of a brand to elements of the physical appearance of products. In this way, a brand image may transfer to different kinds of products (see the section about categorization). Many companies therefore make consistent use of certain design elements, such as a color combination, a distinctive form element, or style. For example, car manufacturers often try to keep different car models recognizable as belonging to the same brand. The distinctive radiator grill of BMW automobiles is an example of a recognizable design element. The linking of brand meaning to elements of the product appearance will be easier when the associations these elements engender by themselves (e. g. , because they are innate or are determined by culture) correspond to the desired brand image. For example, use of bright colors and a large size, which is associated with aggression (Murdoch and Flurscheim, 1983), will make it easier to position a car brand as aggressive. Although there are large individual and time-specific differences in the experience of color and form, there are certain associations that seem to be relatively constant. Overviews of the influence of form and color on consumer perception of symbolic value (but also ergonomic and aesthetic value) can be found in Muller (2001), Murdoch and Flurscheim (1983), Schmitt and Simonson (1997), and Whitfield and Wiltshire (1983). For example, angular forms are associated with dynamism and masculinity, while roundness evokes softness and femininity (Schmitt and Simonson, 1997). Culture is an important determinant of the interpretations that consumers give and the associations they have with certain factors of a product’s appearance. For example, color associations vary from culture to culture (Whitfield and Wiltshire, 1983). In America and Europe, the color white stands for purity, and brides traditionally dress in white; in Japan itis a color of mourning. Furthermore, meaning is context dependent. The impression that colors give may change completely by combining certain colors (Muller, 2001). Also, the meaning of forms and colors may change in time, as meanings are continuously transformed by movements in art, fashion, etcetera (Muller, 2001). There is some debate about whether symbolic interpretation is part of the aesthetic experience. In most literature, aesthetic value is mentioned as botha hedonic impression and a result of interpretation and representation (Schmitt and Simonson, 1997; Vihma, 1995). It is acknowledged in this article that whether a product is conceived of as beautiful is affected by what it represents (Vihma, 1995). The same style can be considered ‘‘good taste’’ at one point in time, while being considered ‘‘bad taste’’ 10 years later, because the connotations associated with it or the interpretations given to it have changed. For example, orange was a modern color for clothes, furniture, and plastic products in the Seventies, generally was perceived as old-fashioned and ugly in the Eighties, and became used in products and clothing again in the Nineties. However, the view in this article is that aesthetic and symbolic value should be distinguished, as they may have opposite influences on preference. For example, someone who likes a colorful design may not buy it because it looks ‘‘too childish. ’’ Product Appearance and Functional Product Value

How to Reduce Academic Stress

How to Reduce Academic Stress Amidst all the aspects of college that students deal with on a daily basis finances, friendships, roommates, romantic relationships, family issues, jobs, and countless other things academics always need to take priority. After all, if you dont do well in your classes, the rest of your college experience becomes impossible. So how can you deal with all the academic stress that college can easily and rapidly put into your life? Fortunately, there are ways even the most stressed-out student can cope. Take a Good Look at Your Course Load In high school, you could easily manage 5 or 6 classes plus all of your co-curricular activities. In college, however, the entire system changes. The number of units you take has a direct connection to how busy (and stressed) youll be throughout the semester. The difference between 16 and 18 or 19 units may seem small on paper, but its a big difference in real life (especially when it comes to how much studying you have to do for each class). If youre feeling overwhelmed with your course load, take a look at the number of units youre taking. If you can drop a class without creating even more stress in your life, you might want to consider it. Join a Study Group You may be studying 24/7, but if youre not studying effectively, all that time spent with your nose in your books might actually be causing you more stress. Consider joining a study group. Doing so will help hold you accountable for getting things done on time (after all, procrastination can be a major source of stress, too), help you better understand the material, and help you combine some social time with your homework. And if there isnt a study group you can join for any (or all) of your classes, consider starting one yourself. Learn How to Study More Effectively If you arent sure how to study effectively, it wont matter if you study by yourself, in a study group, or even with a private tutor. Make sure that all of your efforts to study are matching up with what your brain needs to retain and truly understand the material. Get Help from a Peer Tutor Everyone knows those students in class who clearly are mastering the material and not having a problem doing so. Consider asking one of them to tutor you. You can offer to pay them or even deal in some kind of trade (maybe you can help fix their computer, for example, or tutor them in a subject theyre struggling with). If you arent sure whom to ask in your class, check with some of the academic support offices on campus to see if they offer peer tutoring programs, ask your professor if he or she can recommend a peer tutor, or simply look for flyers on campus from other students offering themselves as tutors. Utilize Your Professor as a Resource Your professor can be one of your best assets when it comes to reducing the stress you feel in a particular course. While it may at first be intimidating to try to get to know your professor, he or she can help you figure out what material to focus on (instead of feeling overwhelmed by thinking you have to learn everything in class). He or she can also work with you if youre really struggling with a concept or with how to best prepare for an upcoming exam. After all, what could be better for helping you reduce your academic stress than to know that youre super prepared and ready to ace the upcoming exam? Make Sure You Always  Go to Class   Sure, your professor may just be reviewing the material that was covered in the reading. But you never know what additional snippets he or she might put in, and having someone go over material you may have already read will just help to solidify it in your mind. Additionally, if your professor sees that youve been in class every day but are still having problems, he or she might be more willing to work with you. Reduce Your Non-Academic Commitments It can be easy to lose your focus, but the main reason you are in school is to graduate. If you dont pass your classes, you dont get to stay in school. That simple equation should be motivation enough to help you prioritize your commitments when your stress level begins to get a little out of control. If you dont have enough time to handle your non-academic responsibilities in a way that doesnt leave you stressed all the time, take a moment to figure out what needs to go. Your friends will understand. Get the Rest of Your College Life in Balance   Sometimes, it can be easy to forget that taking care of your physical self can do wonders for reducing your stress. Make sure youre getting enough sleep, eating healthy, and exercising on a regular basis. Think about it: Whens that last time you didnt feel less stressed after a good nights sleep, a healthy breakfast, and a good work out? Ask Upperclassmen for Advice With Difficult Professors If one of your classes or professors is greatly contributing to, or even the main cause of, your academic stress, ask students who have already taken the class how they handled it. Chances are you arent the first student to be struggling. Other students may have already figured out that your literature professor gives better grades when you quote lots of other researchers in your paper, or that your Art History professor always focuses on women artists on exams. Learning from the experiences of those who went before you can help reduce your own academic stress.

Btech Hnd Essays

Btech Hnd Essays Btech Hnd Paper Btech Hnd Paper t Lo1 understand the background to organisational strategic change 1. 1 Identify models of strategic change that is appropriate for British airways strategic change 1. 2 Discuss how your chosen strategic change model is relevance British airways in the current economy 1. 3 Discuss the benefits of your chosen strategic change models as intervention techniques in British airways Lo2 understand issues relating to strategic change in an organisation 2. 1 Based on the case study discuss why you think British airways need change 2. Assess the factors that are driven the need for strategic change at British airways 2. 3 Assess the resource implication of British airways not responding to strategic change L03 stakeholders in developing a strategy for change 3. 1 Identify a system involving stakeholders in the planning of change at British Airways 3. 2 Analysis the change management strategy of British airways with stakeholders 3. 3 Evaluate the systems used by British airways to involve stak eholders in the planning of change 3. 4 Were there ant resistance to change? If so explainLo4 planning to implement models for ensuring on-going change 4. 1 How would you develop appropriate model for change for British Airways 4. 2 based on the case explain how you would plan and implement a model for change for British Airways 4. 3 How would you develop appropriate measure to monitor progress at British Airways. 1. 1 Identify models of strategic change that is appropriate for British airways strategic change Models of strategic change that are appropriate for British airways are; John kotter worked out on 8 step model ,in this 8 steps of model first four steps focus on DE freezing of any organisation similarly ext three make the changes in organisation and last step refreezes the organisation with new culture. According to change management gurus if any organisation need changes effectively and significantly it is best if they follow 8 steps in order mention below; * Increase urge ncy for change * Team building for change * Making vision * Communicate vision * Remove obstacles * Create short-term goals * Consolidate improvements * Make it culture ADKAR change model is another powerful model in change management which bring change in individuals and any organisation effectively.This model is simple to learn, focus on the outcomes and action taken for change and make sense during change of any organisation and individuals. There are five major steps in ADKAR models which are * Change need awareness * Willingness to participate in and support the change * Knowledge about change * Required skills and behaviours implementation for change * Reinforcement to sustain the change 1. 2 Discuss how your chosen strategic change model is relevance British airways in the current economy In the case of British airways the driving forces to change is reduction of staffing levels on the long-haul flight.According to Kotter’s 8 steps model it helps to identify and discus s about the need of change and its urgency, it helps to build strong team that guide the company, identify and requite skilled matched people in right place for right job, it also help to established a vision and strategy for an organisation with the view to deliver quality services. It helps to communicate the essentials, simply and appeal and responds to people’s needs as in British airways it identify the reason and what they want from strike and responds positively. It helps to remove the obstacles and provide eedbacks with the view support the stakeholders of the organisation like after identification of abstract of strike they came to the decision of agreement which includes two-year pay deal and return of travel perks for thousands of staff who took part in 22 days of walkout, which nearly cost British airways ? 150m. It also helps to leaders of the organisation what steps is good to move on, also helps to make plan and create corporate culture as in British airways it gives ACAS conciliation services a role in arbitrating the cases of staff that were sacked during dispute and end the dispute of British airways . 3 Discuss the benefits of your chosen strategic change models as intervention techniques in British airways Intervention technique helps to bring positive changes in the organisation, some of the benefit of using change model as intervention technique helps to make all the change strategy goals should be clear to all stakeholders, it should be relevant to all people as all relevant people are included on its change. All change activities should be structure in such way that make high profit and success of the organisation. This includes both experience and conceptual learning.It shows how to do and what to do in the change process. it helps to make sure all the staff of the company as well as client know how to solve the problem which can be used for future decision making process and adopting change in the environment. The intervention technique in British airways is change in the management of organisation like Williams replace Willie Walsh as a chief of British airways parent, international airlines group. Use of diagonal task force to change the plan, downsizing the staffing, emphasising on open communication, new performance based compensation system and peer support groups through change process. . 1 Based on the case study discuss why you think British airways need change In any organisation change management is the essential for the growth and development of its organisation. Most of the changes happens in an organisation are cultural change, business process re-engineering and empowerment and so on. There are different reason that initiate the need for change in an organisation like force to change, by telling, by participatory and by transforming changes.Financial, technological, economic, environmental are some of the situations to mode of change. According to case study, British airways need change due to economic crisis which is crisis to the Eurozone crisis from subprime crisis, another need of change is changes in the market condition that is increase in the competition of low cost airlines, merging with other new airlines and one of the major need of change according to case study is the revolt by the working staff which is also called as management problems. 2. Assess the factors that are driven the need for strategic change at British airways The factor for strategic change at British Airways can be internal or external forces such as economic, political, technological, ownership change, customer dissatisfaction, and loss of key personnel in the organisation and so on. According to British airways main driven factor of change is due to cutting down the benefit of staff and cost of the labour. Due to this British airways loss their market share and also the staff of the British airways goes on strike on different condition basis.Due to which British airways passenger faced th reat of summer strike. Problems of over-staffing after the merger and staff reduction strategy of British airways due to which different strike by British airways with the agreement of two-year pay deal and return of travel perk for staff lead to change strategy of British airways 2. 3 Assess the resource implication of British airways not responding to strategic change Change made in on organisation may be bad or good, some of the change does not resist in the change process.Those factor can be lack of awareness about the change that is going to happen, low tolerance of change, misunderstanding, fair of failure when change in done, peer pressure and so on and to adopt the change it will be difficult to the people as they were familiar with yesterday’s reality of work. Due to which different problems like disruption, stress, missed objectives, low valued employee and finally the failure of organisation to adopt change could lead.Similarly in British airways when change is don e to cut staffing where staff did not accept the change and goes for the strike which affect externally and internally to the British airways. 3. 1 Identify a system involving stakeholders in the planning of change at British Airways During the planning of change in British airways shareholders, chief executive, employee, union, supplier, government body, financial provider, are involved. Stakeholder are involved in the problem solving of the cut down on cabin crew staff due to which economic crisis is face by the British airways.There are different means of communication methods by which British airways can involve its stokeholds in decision making process so they don’t have to face any problem in the future. They can uses letters or email, they can arrange meeting, internet, website and through different advertising media. So they can discuss using this system by involving the stokeholds to plan the change which helps British airways in making change planning for future. 3. 2 Analysis the change management strategy of British airways with stakeholders Change management of British airways arePeople first policy Managing people Organisation culture To make British airways the world’s no 1 airway, British airways driven with marketing favour rather than process driven company. In this strategy individual is given target and want to achieve best possible goal. It also make aware about the marketing competitive in the environment and know the customer needs and expectation. Managing people is important strategy which helps in the movement of different management level of employee and different training program is introduce for managing the management level.It also includes the employee promotion and respect to competency and values are given top priority. Organisation of culture is another strategy which helps giving directing and right track to the staff of the organisation; British airways have traditional values, attitudes and belief which enable the new culture in the British airways. According to the case study of British airways change management strategy, British airways inform the change strategy to the shareholder of the company but the reason is that staff of the company is failed to inform.For the change management of British airways they impose the change strategy to cut the number of staff working in the British airways without have proper communication with the stakeholders, where we can see there is lack of staff involved in their planning process. 3. 3 Evaluate the systems used by British airways to involve stakeholders in the planning of change There are different systems used by British airways while planning the change in which stakeholders of British airways are involved on it. Local communities Environmental issues customersBritish airways Competitors shareholders employees suppliers media They used two way communication systems by using mailing systems as they realised they need customer feedback which he lps in further planning of the British airways, British airways concern with its brand so they use powerful social media like radio, television news application, and British airways website. They used twitters which help British airways to in touch with the customer of British airways. They use different marketing media for promotion and in problem-solving of customer.During the change in British airways stakeholders take part in the meeting at Heathrow to support the pace deal and also they make an agreement of two year pay deal and return of travel perks for the staff for those people who attend and take part during the strike. 3. 4 Were there any resistance to change? If so explain Yes, there is resistance of change in the British airways. Due to strike of British airways there are many problems customer of British airways facing may problems this the British airways decided to end the strike by providing the compensation the crew member which includes the deal of 2-years pay dea l nd return of travel perks for staff due to which British airways get loss of ? 150 million after that British airways’ crew member stop strike and end in peace. After that British airway develop better relationship with the staff of the company and plan different strategy which helps British airways to be successful in the future. 4. 1 How would you develop appropriate model for change for British Airways Lewin’s model is the best model I can use for British airways change management. Unfreeze, change and refreeze are the three structure based on this model.Due to the economic crisis in the British airways, it implemented several cost cutting measure like British Airways decision of cutting down staffing level on long haul flight along with cutting down perks of the staff. Which lead to loss up to ? 150m by several walkouts which is the unfreeze stage of British Airways, which is failed by British airways to carry out. In stage of change is most difficult which is fa iled by British Airways and began downsizing. Change is another stage which is comes out after unfreeze stage, in this stage new plan is implemented which have to adopt by the organisation.It helps to redirect beliefs and attitude toward the new direction. It takes time for people to adopt required change and to act positive to change. British Airways face a lots of competition from low cost airlines hence British Airways compromised on luxurious offered and cut the prices down. Refreeze is the final stage of change. Changes on this stage must be utilized on everyday activities and also organisation feel must safe at this stage of change. This stage increases the confidence, performance and comfort of the employee level. This stage should be carried out effectively.Activities and objectives also should be clear to the employee at this stage 4. 2 based on the case explain how you would plan and implement a model for change for British Airways According to lewin’s change model, we can plan and implement some changes in the British airways, unfreezing stage is the 1st steps of change management where British airways have to unfreeze the present pattern of behaviour and manage the resistance to change. This stage can be used to downsizing the workforce, which is done by British airways by cutting the staff from 52,300 to 35,000. It helps to reduce the hierarchical evels in the British airways and work is done with easy by improving the performance of organisation. To support this stage different tanning program is launched by British airways and introduce the policy of putting people first and managing people first as a slogan. In this stage top level management in British airways is change by appointing new CEO. The second stage of lewin’s model is change, in this stage movement is done, where in British airways number of internal changes happen like airways structure and system is changed for example new bonus system is introduce and new terminal i s open I. . opening of terminal 4 at Heathrow airport. Also British airways buy chartridge house where different training program is done for the staff of British airways Refreezing is the last stage of lewin’s model, it involves direct changing organisational culture, how conflict is manage and decision is made, how open people are with each other and so on. In British airways to stop the strike agreement of two year deal and returns of travel perks for thousands of staff done which cost British airways loss of ? 150 million. 4. How would you develop appropriate measure to monitor progress at British Airways? Progress in British airways is measured by using different fact and figure; some of the measures are shown below. Customer recommendation in %; it can be measured by conducting customer survey program and get proper recommendation by customer. it also helps to show how the customer experience will affect in the future profitability of British airways. years| Customer re commendation in %| 2009/10| 63| 2008/09| 65| 2007/8| 59| 2006/07| 61| 005/6| | This shows target level of customer recommendation in year 2009/10 is 65%, it helps to know the performance of British airways is strong but they fail to reach the target due to different changes happen in the British airways. Progress of British airway also measured by conducting different survey like providing online comment and getting feedback from customer, making report about satisfied customer and customer how are not satisfied by services provided , putting to the customer and getting feedback from them.References BBC News (2011) Qamp;A: Whats the BA dispute about. [Online] Available at: bbc. co. uk/news/business-11868081 [Accessed: 18May 2013]. Britishairways. com (2009) British Airways 2009/10 Annual Report and Accounts. [Online] Available at: britishairways. com/cms/global/microsites/ba_reports0910/our_business/strategy5. html [Accessed: 24 May 2013]. Barney J – Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage, 4th Edition (Pearson Education, 2010) ISBN 0132479060 Bottom of Form

Columbus City Schools

Columbus City Schools Free Online Research Papers Columbus City Schools is formerly known as Columbus Public Schools. It is the official school district for the city of Columbus, Ohio and is one of the most progressive urban districts in the nation. Columbus City Schools is the second largest school district in Ohio. CCS has approximately 56,000 students enrolled, which equates to most of the citys families. (2008) The district has been recognized with many honors. Columbus City Schools employs approximately 4,800 teachers and 330 administrators. (2008) The district offers a very competitive salary and benefit package. In addition to the benefits, CCS enables certified employees to proceed with their education at no cost due to fee waiver programs at the citys area colleges and universities. (2008) Columbus City Schools recently implemented the Kronos Workforce Management System which has had a strong affect on the organization. The Kronos, which is a workforce management software better known as a time clock. (2003-2008)Kronos has been implemented within the district to help improve student outcomes through efficient workforce management. The district has a vision that if employees are better managed than they will deliver superior student education. The districts top management believes many elements contribute to excellent student outcomes. Among these elements are: (1) High performing teachers and staff; (2) Minimal administrative costs; (3) Sufficient funds for classrooms; (4) Efficient district operations. In order for these elements to produce the positive student outcomes, an effective workforce management is what is required. (2003-2008) The Kronos systems is suppose to provide our district with a comprehensive workforce management solution that enables the saving of labor dollars and maximizing education resources. (2003-2008) The systems should also do the following; (1) increase funds available for education students; (2) pay teachers and staff accurately and on time; (3) manage district operations effectively and efficiently; (4) enhance compliance with labor laws and collective bargaining units; (5) Improve teacher consistency and school support services; (6) maximize use of grant dollars. The downfall of this implemented change is that the Kronos system will not be utilized by all employees of the district but only the hourly employees, which is causes reason for resistance. (2003-2008) The Kronos system was just recently implemented so up until two years ago, employees werent concerned with the tight management of their work hours which is another reason to resist this drastic and prompt change. Employees have demonstrated passive resistance toward this change. Symptoms displayed by employees include procrastinating or dragging their feet on fully implementing the Kronos, feigning ignorance as far as remembering to utilize the time clock, and allowing change to fail by again not using the time clock properly. Columbus City Schools could have prevented the resistance to this change by educating and communicating this change to its employees before drastically springing this change onto them in the mist of the ball rolling. The district could have also welcomed feedback from the employees or at least middle management. The number one prevention would have been to equally implement this change across the whole district to affect every employee and not just a select g roup. I would enhance the organizations ability to overcome resistance to change by implementing a situational approach such as Kotter and Schlesinger s Methods for Managing Resistance to Change. (2006) This approach include six methods for preventing or managing resistance: (1) Education and communication; (2) Participation and involvement; (3) Facilitation and support; (4) Negotiation and agreement; (5) Manipulation and cooptation; (6) Explicit and implicit coercion. (Kotter, J 1996) I choose this approach because I think the implementation of change should proceed through each of these six methods. I think the employees should be educated on the change and provided with the necessary information regarding the change and its effects. To ensure that the employees arent resisting, they should be involved in the change process. For those employees still resistant due to uncertainty, there should be resources provided. For actual and/or potential resistors, there should incentives offered. As last resorts, manipulation and coercion should be used. Offering the selective use of information and roles in the change process should be used before actually threatening with undesirable consequences. (2006) I would implement each of Kotters eight step change model by using the following steps (Kotter, J 1996): (1) Increasing urgency –There would need to be a sense of urgency created around the need for change in hopes that it will spark the initial motivation to get things moving. In order to do this, I will need to create an open an honest and convincing dialogue about whats happening within the organization, offer dynamic and convincing reasons to get people talking and thinking. Potential threats should be identified and scenarios developed showing what could happen in the future. I would also request support from top management, board members, and the community to strengthen my argument. Kotters model suggest that â€Å"for change to be successful, 75% of a companys management needs to buy into the change.†(Kotter, J 1996) In other words, I would really need to work hard on step one by spending significant time and energy building urgency. before moving onto the nex t steps. I dont want to act to fast because I could be risk experiencing short-term losses. (2) Building the guiding team – In order to form a powerful coalition, I would need to convince people that change is necessary. A powerful coalition usually includes strong leadership and visible support from key people within the organization. My coalition would be comprised of influential people whose power comes from a variety of sources, including job title, status, expertise, and political importance. After the team is formed, we will then work as a team, continuing to build urgency and momentum around the need for change. (Kotter, J 1996) (3) Get the vision right – A clear vision can help everyone understand why youre asking them to do something. When people see for themselves what youre trying to achieve, then the directives theyre given tend to make more sense. What I could do to get the vision right, is determine the values that are central to the change. I would also need to create a written vision that captures what I see as the future of the organization. (Rose, 2002) More importantly, a strategy on how to execute the vision would need to be created. (Kotter, J 1996) (4) Communicate for buy-in – My vision will more than likely have strong competition from other day-to-day communications within the company, so I will need to communicate the vision frequently and powerfully, and embed it within everything that you do. When I keep the vision fresh on everyones minds, theyll remember it and respond to it. A good practice to have is to demonstrate the kind of behavior that I want from others. (Kotter, J 1996) (5) Remove Obstacles – Removing obstacles will empower the people I need to execute the organizations vision and help the change move forward. I will also identify change leaders whose main roles are to deliver the change. I will evaluate the organizational structure, job descriptions, and performance and compensation systems to ensure theyre in line with your vision. (Rose, 2002) Recognize and reward people for making change happen. I need to put in place a structure for change, and continually check for barriers to it. Identify people who are resisting the change, and help them see whats needed. (Kotter, J 1996) (6) Create short-term wins – I should offer my company early victories because nothing motivates more than success. Within a short time frame (such as a 6 months or a year), I should have results that my staff can see progress. Without this, critics and negative thinkers might hurt my progress. I will need to create short-term targets that are achievable. (Rose, 2002) There will need to be a thorough analysis the potential pros and cons of the short-term targets because if we dont succeed with an early goal, it could hurt the entire change initiative. Finally, I should reward the people who help meet the short-term targets. (Kotter, J 1996) (7) Consolidate gains Kotter states â€Å"that many change projects fail because victory is declared too early†. (Kotter, J 1996)Real change runs deep and quick wins are only the beginning of what needs to be done to achieve long-term change. Each success provides an opportunity to build on what went right and identify what you can improve. I will set goals to continue building on the momentum the organization has achieved thus far. I will keep ideas fresh by bringing in new change agents and leaders for my change coalition. (Kotter, J 1996) (8) Make change stick To make any change stick, the change should become part of the core of my organization. I will need to make continuous efforts to ensure that the change is seen in every aspect of my organization. This effort will help give the change a solid place in my organizations culture. Its also important that my companys leaders continue to support the change. If I lose the support of these people, I might end up back where I started. The leaders should talk about progress every chance they get by telling success stories about the change process, and repeat other stories that theyve heard. When hiring and training new staff, I should include the change ideals and values. I should publicly recognize key members of my original change coalition and make sure their contributions are remembered. It is important to create plans to replace key leaders of change as they move on to ensure that their legacy is not lost or forgotten. (Kotter, J 1996) In conclusion, you have to work hard to change an organization successfully. When you plan carefully and build the proper foundation, implementing change can be much easier, and youll improve the chances of success. Based on my knowledge acquired from MBA 770, if you create a sense of urgency, recruit powerful change leaders, build a vision and effectively communicate it, remove obstacles, create quick wins, and build on your momentum, you can help make the change part of your organizational culture. Research Papers on Columbus City SchoolsStandardized TestingResearch Process Part OnePETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Project Managment Office SystemNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTwilight of the UAWAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is Art

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 10

Case Study Example There are varied views by different parents. Some are completely horrified and terrified about the whole issue and feel that immediate steps need to be taken in order to keep this issue into control. On the other hand, there are parents who are not so much bothered about this whole thing and feel it is not really such a big matter to fuss about. Some of them were of the view that children do it in order to come into the limelight. School-related shootings, especially those that are memorable in nature, summon solid open objection, and reasonably so. Accompanying a clear spate of occurrences happening between 1997 and 2001, it appeared to be as though the USA was on the verge of an ethical frenzy concerning misconduct and agnostic youth society. From that point forward, Columbine has turned into a pivotal word for a mind boggling set of feelings encompassing youth, hazard, fear, and wrongdoing in 21st century America. One scholar headed off so far as to mark Columbine as similar for a contemporary emergency of youth society. Slicing through the buildup and open feeling about school shooting, out of sight social researchers have been grinding away in attempting to tease out the changing measurements of this sensation. Regardless of the generally diffused differences and trepidation connected with roughness in schools, experimental confirmation demonstrates that schools are around the most secure spots for youngsters, contrasted with their homes and neighborhood environs. The case study mainly involves a focus group of 12 parents. Out of the twelve, seven finally turn up for the discussion. The researcher then asks them to discuss their view points about the recent school shootings. There are varied views by different parents. Some are completely horrified and terrified about the whole issue and feel that immediate steps need to be taken in order to keep this issue into control. On the other there are

We are what we read Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

We are what we read - Essay Example In order to read, many people prefer a silent environment that is free from disturbances. These individuals get used to being alone and secluded, resulting to anti social behavior. When people spend more time reading books than interacting with people, they generally become prone to solitary lives. This kind of people will have challenges interacting with others and will prefer spending their time reading than interacting with people, thus undermining the importance of maintaining healthy relationship with others. When reading, one encounters a large number of characters in the book being read. For the reader to be able to flow well with the stories, the reader needs to remember all the characters involved in the book. Exercising this ability to remember huge volumes of details about characters in a book ends up improving the memory of the reader. Many readers will end up enjoying a good short term memory, which makes them better placed to remember the faces and names or people they meet. In relationships, such memory enables readers to be able to remember the birthdays of their loved ones as well as the anniversaries, making them better lovers. According to Portillo PenÃŒÆ'a (2008), the urge to read more books increases when the reader is able to practice what they have read on their day to day life, making them reader eager to experiment with the information acquired. As a result, their behavior in hampered and they tend to be addicted to books to an extent of searching for answers to everything they are facing in books. This is however beneficial to the readers, since they will be in a position to use other people’s experience to solve their own problems and thus reducing the time taken to make decisions as well as the uncertainty of making uninformed action. The most productive individuals in the work place are the ones who are able to

Personal Philosophy of Leadership Development Assignment

Personal Philosophy of Leadership Development - Assignment Example A leader is different from a manager. Qualities define a leader. These qualities are inborn and it means leaders are born. Skills that a person acquires make him or her manager. This means that not all managers are leaders. Leadership means service to the people. A leader is a servant to the people he leads. He is bestowed with the responsibility of bettering the lives of his or her followers. Leadership development is useful to individuals who aim at improving their leadership skills. Leadership development is important as it creates a passion in leaders to lead their followers and serve them accordingly. This paper articulates my personal philosophy of leadership development and my development as a leader. Unique qualities characterize a leader. First leaders must possess character. Actions define character. Leaders understand that success is founded on character. An ideal leader possesses strong character, which assures the people he leads, that he will provide success. First impressions create lasting impression. A leader has to seal the deal with a first impression. Charisma does it for first impressions. Making others feel good is the best way of having charisma. A leader has to be courageous. People cannot put their trust in a coward. Courage builds confidence, and self-confidence is leadership at work. An ideal leader has focus. Focus entails prioritizing important factors and concentrating on them to accomplishment. Priorities without concentration gets nothing done, resulting to no progress. Concentration without priories limits growth and progress.

Can betalactam antibiotics be used to treat tuberculosis Essay

Can betalactam antibiotics be used to treat tuberculosis - Essay Example They are expected to work best when administered in the early phase of treatment, and should typically be used in conjunction with beta-lactamase inhibitors. This review addresses the feasibility of utilizing members of the beta-lactam group of antibiotics in the management of tuberculosis. The first part provides an introduction into the beta-lactam antibiotics as a group, their distinguishing features, their classification, their spectrum of activity, and their mechanism of antibacterial action. Next follows a brief overview of tuberculosis as a disease which poses a peculiar challenge with drug therapy. The literature review section features an extensive overview of current research publications addressing various angles of the question of utilizing beta-lactam antibiotics in tuberculosis treatment, including results from in vitro as well as in vivo testing, clinical trials, and comments from reviewers. Finally, an appraisal of the available information is done, drawing out answers to the questions of why the beta-lactams have not been used in tuberculosis treatment, what are the issues involved, how they may be used to treat tubercul osis, what conclusions may be drawn from the literature information available, and the place of combination therapy in facilitating the utility of the beta-lactams in tuberculosis therapy. Beta-lactam antibiotics refer to a broad class of antimicrobials which possess in their chemical structure a beta-lactam ring moeity. The beta-lactam moiety (also known as a penam or azetidin-2-one) is a heterocyclic four-membered ring containing a nitrogen atom and a carbonyl group, and is essential for their antibiotic activity (Nayler, 1971). Beta-lactam antibiotics include the penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams and the beta-lactamase inhibitors, which together constitute the most widely prescribed group of antibiotics in existence. They are favoured in clinical practice over other

Probation and Parole Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Probation and Parole - Research Paper Example Community corrections programs offer front and back end alternatives for correctional systems. In reference to front end, alternatives probation has offered a means of limiting further crowding in prisons and jails. On the other hand, parole systems have consistently acted as back end measures that offer release valves on prison populations. The issue of rehabilitative measures for criminal offenders has often elicited much debate in countries such as the United States. To this end, there are several rehabilitation programs that have shown positive results. These, include, Moral Reconation Therapy, probation and parole. Moral Reconation Therapy Moral Reconation Therapy entails a continuous treatment plan that aims at decreasing recidivism among adult and juvenile offenders while at the same time adjusting moral reasoning. To this end, the approach is majorly a cognitive behavior mechanism that combines parameters from various psychological paradigms. These subsequently address positi ve behavior, social, ego and moral growth. Implementation of MRT involves individual and group counseling by use of prescribed homework assignments and structured group exercises. Moreover, there is a workbook that is based on 16 objective units that emphasize on seven basic treatment parameters. These are attitudes, reinforcement of positive habits and behavior; confrontation of beliefs; assessment of current relationships; enhancement of self concept; positive identity formation; development of frustration tolerance and decrease in hedonism; as well as development of higher moral reasoning stages. Probation The application of probation and parole in rehabilitating offenders is guided partly by the philosophies of positivism and classicalism (Carter & Wilkins, 1976). On one hand, positivists imply that offenders are compelled into the choice of committing crime against their own volition and consequently the behavior or conditions that triggered the action need to be rectified. Con versely, classicalists contend that offenders are in control over the choice of their actions and consequently to deter future criminal activities, such offenders need to be punished. To this end, probation is defined as a sanction imposed by court whereby a convicted offender is released back into the community subject to a conditional suspended sentence. Moreover, the probationer is in most situations a non-violent or first time offender who stands the best chance of rehabilitation within the outside community. The suitability and effectiveness of probation is driven by its flexibility in allowing judicial authorities a high extent of discretion when imposing sentences. Consequently, it allows the tailoring of sentences to suit different offenders. Furthermore, its effectiveness is driven by the availability of a supervision that checks on the progress of rehabilitation. The supervision role is provided by probation officers who offer support and guidance to the offender aimed at making him or her law abiding citizen. To this end, probation offers a second chance of reformation to the offender. Evidently, there are several version of probation designed for different types of offenders. This is driven by the need to jails and prisons. These include intensive supervised probation which entails close monitoring of convicts and applies stringent conditions on the release clause. Others include split sentencing

Wildlife Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Wildlife Tourism - Essay Example The industry is also a good employer giving almost 9% of total employment for 2011 and is expected to provide 10% of total employment come 2021 (World Travel & Tourism Council 2011). Tourism is indeed a lucrative business and one of its major attractions is the opportunity for people to see and enjoy nature. Aside from the scenery, tourists are enjoined to experience a closer encounter with wildlife. Hence, wildlife tourism has come to fore as one of the most sought after experience of tourists all over the world. It is quite understandable since the progress of man has been counterproductive to animals. About a century ago, the human population is still small estimated at only 25% of the current headcount. As such, there were bigger lands for animals to roam free. The sea is also teeming with marine life. Thus, stories from grandparents would be filled by the fascinating ways on how these creatures lived and such entertainment always took the fancy of many listeners. Today, most of these stories are shown live on television offering both learning and excitement to the viewer. However, although such a technology had been able to bring in wild animals closer to home, the actual experience is naturally absent. Still, it cannot be denied that because of technology, people today are more informed regarding these creatures (Higginbottom 2004). Thus, with increasing fascination fuelled by the images seen on television, people are driven from their comfortable homes to chase the thrill of experiencing the wild. And, with the economic contribution being provided by tourism, business and governments alike have been more than willing to cater to this demand. Wildlife tourism is not as simple as many would conceive it to be. This activity offers more than just bird watching as the activities may depend on whether the tour is dependent or independent of wild life. Thus, an activity is said to be wildlife dependent if the tour is focused on having actual encounter with wild life. Hence, the main reason for the tour is the opportunity for the tourist to be able to have some form of interacting with animals by being able to take pictures or videos, tracking the animals or even through hunting and fishing. On the other hand, wildlife independent tourism does not have the actual animal experience as the focus of the activity. Incidental encounters like unplanned sightings and even just by hearing the wild animals satisfies the tour objective (Sinha 2001). Both involve certain disruption to nature but naturally the wildlife dependent activities provide more disruption especially when people hunt wildlife. However, this should not always have to be the case since wildlife is important for this aspect of tourism. And with the money being brought in by the industry then perhaps there can be ways in which the wildlife tourism can help preserve these animals. Main body The wildlife The animals play a key role in wildlife tourism as they are basically the main at tractions for wildlife dependent tourism. These animals are gaining attention as evidenced by the increasing number of publications that focuses on wildlife. Likewise, these topics are being more and more integrated to tourism and leisure (Lovelock 2008, Newsome et al 2005 and Topelko and Dearden, 2005). These publications generated additional media mileage for wildlife that have helped integrate activities such as hunting to tourism. Basically, animals are either those in the wild, animals working in farms, pets, animals used as companions and animals that provide assistance. These creatures each have they

Can betalactam antibiotics be used to treat tuberculosis Essay

Can betalactam antibiotics be used to treat tuberculosis - Essay Example They are expected to work best when administered in the early phase of treatment, and should typically be used in conjunction with beta-lactamase inhibitors. This review addresses the feasibility of utilizing members of the beta-lactam group of antibiotics in the management of tuberculosis. The first part provides an introduction into the beta-lactam antibiotics as a group, their distinguishing features, their classification, their spectrum of activity, and their mechanism of antibacterial action. Next follows a brief overview of tuberculosis as a disease which poses a peculiar challenge with drug therapy. The literature review section features an extensive overview of current research publications addressing various angles of the question of utilizing beta-lactam antibiotics in tuberculosis treatment, including results from in vitro as well as in vivo testing, clinical trials, and comments from reviewers. Finally, an appraisal of the available information is done, drawing out answers to the questions of why the beta-lactams have not been used in tuberculosis treatment, what are the issues involved, how they may be used to treat tubercul osis, what conclusions may be drawn from the literature information available, and the place of combination therapy in facilitating the utility of the beta-lactams in tuberculosis therapy. Beta-lactam antibiotics refer to a broad class of antimicrobials which possess in their chemical structure a beta-lactam ring moeity. The beta-lactam moiety (also known as a penam or azetidin-2-one) is a heterocyclic four-membered ring containing a nitrogen atom and a carbonyl group, and is essential for their antibiotic activity (Nayler, 1971). Beta-lactam antibiotics include the penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams and the beta-lactamase inhibitors, which together constitute the most widely prescribed group of antibiotics in existence. They are favoured in clinical practice over other

Wildlife Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Wildlife Tourism - Essay Example The industry is also a good employer giving almost 9% of total employment for 2011 and is expected to provide 10% of total employment come 2021 (World Travel & Tourism Council 2011). Tourism is indeed a lucrative business and one of its major attractions is the opportunity for people to see and enjoy nature. Aside from the scenery, tourists are enjoined to experience a closer encounter with wildlife. Hence, wildlife tourism has come to fore as one of the most sought after experience of tourists all over the world. It is quite understandable since the progress of man has been counterproductive to animals. About a century ago, the human population is still small estimated at only 25% of the current headcount. As such, there were bigger lands for animals to roam free. The sea is also teeming with marine life. Thus, stories from grandparents would be filled by the fascinating ways on how these creatures lived and such entertainment always took the fancy of many listeners. Today, most of these stories are shown live on television offering both learning and excitement to the viewer. However, although such a technology had been able to bring in wild animals closer to home, the actual experience is naturally absent. Still, it cannot be denied that because of technology, people today are more informed regarding these creatures (Higginbottom 2004). Thus, with increasing fascination fuelled by the images seen on television, people are driven from their comfortable homes to chase the thrill of experiencing the wild. And, with the economic contribution being provided by tourism, business and governments alike have been more than willing to cater to this demand. Wildlife tourism is not as simple as many would conceive it to be. This activity offers more than just bird watching as the activities may depend on whether the tour is dependent or independent of wild life. Thus, an activity is said to be wildlife dependent if the tour is focused on having actual encounter with wild life. Hence, the main reason for the tour is the opportunity for the tourist to be able to have some form of interacting with animals by being able to take pictures or videos, tracking the animals or even through hunting and fishing. On the other hand, wildlife independent tourism does not have the actual animal experience as the focus of the activity. Incidental encounters like unplanned sightings and even just by hearing the wild animals satisfies the tour objective (Sinha 2001). Both involve certain disruption to nature but naturally the wildlife dependent activities provide more disruption especially when people hunt wildlife. However, this should not always have to be the case since wildlife is important for this aspect of tourism. And with the money being brought in by the industry then perhaps there can be ways in which the wildlife tourism can help preserve these animals. Main body The wildlife The animals play a key role in wildlife tourism as they are basically the main at tractions for wildlife dependent tourism. These animals are gaining attention as evidenced by the increasing number of publications that focuses on wildlife. Likewise, these topics are being more and more integrated to tourism and leisure (Lovelock 2008, Newsome et al 2005 and Topelko and Dearden, 2005). These publications generated additional media mileage for wildlife that have helped integrate activities such as hunting to tourism. Basically, animals are either those in the wild, animals working in farms, pets, animals used as companions and animals that provide assistance. These creatures each have they

Identity and diversity Essay Example for Free

Identity and diversity Essay Identity is a complex and diverse issue. As much as society, the media and academics try to debate its definition it is difficult to capture fully its meaning. According to Kroger (2000) identity is â€Å"a subjective feeling of self-sameness and continuity over time†. If research to date has shown anything it is that there are a number of ways to examine identity in psychology. Of the three Identity theorists available to us it is the Social Constructionist theory that has transformed the way we view and research identity today. It has provided us with an epistemological viewpoint that brings with it new methods of conducting identity research. This essay illustrates some of the strengths and weaknesses of this approach. The Social Constructionist approach has many strengths but its greatest is that it contributes epistemologically to the psychological study of human experiences. It suggests that any one environmental condition can produce many ‘knowledges’. (Willig, 2001) It highlights the central role of historical context, culture and language in the formation of a persons identity. The Social Constructionist theory views the person as embedded in society, continuously constructing multiple, diverse identities from a variety of social interactions. (Phoenix, 2007) Research by Keith, 1994 on ‘people with disabilities’ has shown that the individual differences within groups of people with the same impairment did not produce a single identity. To the contrary it showed that there is no â€Å"disabled† identity but instead multiple and diverse identity’s. â€Å"I am not my disability, I’m me†. (Keith, 1994) This research complements the psychosocial research by Erikson’s where the importance of community and social interaction in the formation of identity was first identified. However, psychosocial theory only sees the person as being affected by society (Phoenix, 2007). Both the Social Constructionists and the psychosocial theorists use qualitative research methodologies, the aim of which is to understand ‘what it is like’ to experience different human experiences. Using a qualitative research methodology means the researcher is primarily concerned with meaning. (Willig, 2001) One of the strengths of the Social Constructionist approach is that it has broadened the focus from mental processes to include how we understand meaning through language and social relations. It suggests that identities are not ‘natural’ and that ‘realities’ are constructed by people in their everyday social interactions. Therefore, Social Constructionist  researchers have shown how identities are constructed differently depending on which culture is being examined. People living in collectivist societies like Japan and China responded based on their relationships to other people, â€Å"I am a student at Beijing University†. In contrast respondents from individualists’ cultures answered more personally â€Å"I am a student†. (Smith and Bond, 1998) On the other hand psychosocial theorists use methodologies based on introspection and neglect large scale social identities. They view personal and social aspects as different and focus on the personal aspects. (Phoenix, 2007) Clearly, language is a crucial aspect of socially constructed knowledge. Social Constructionists researchers emphasise the central role that language plays in the construction of meaning. (Willing, 2001) â€Å"Conversation is to be thought of as creating a social world just as causality generates a physical one.† (Harre, 1983, p65 as cited in Pasupathi, 2001). The Social Constructionists viewpoint is that the same thing can be understood in a number of different ways, depending on the way people choose to tell their stories. A further strength of the Social Constructionist approach is that it provides the researcher with meaning and language based methods, namely, discourse analysis. This hermeneutic approach treats participants as ‘meaning producers’ and allows the researcher to examine the aspects of identity formation that are fluid and changing from setting to setting. (Phoenix, 2007). The study of ‘life as a disabled child’ shows evidence of both rejecting being in a disabled category and also using their disability to gain privilege â€Å"Can we go early, Miss, ‘cos we are disabled. (Watson et al, 2000) Research carried out by psychosocial researchers use methods grounded in introspection and psychoanalysis. These researchers view language as a tool that can be used to describe inner experiences. They use research methods like clinical studies, ethnography and naturalistic observations all of which provide data that looks inward into the conscious mind and therefore has limitations in its methods of analysis. (Phoenix, 2007). The language used is therefore not analysed for meaning making, instead it is used to understand the viewpoints of individuals and to look for commonalities that substantiate the researcher claims. Although the Social Constructionist approach contributes greatly to the study of identity formation, it does have limitations. This approach also represents a  relativist ontology, as it emphasises the diversity of interpretations that can be applied to research data. (Willig, 2001) As the approach focuses on the subjectivity of data and uses symbolic analysis it cannot be used to make predictions about events. â€Å"..My main preoccupation seemed to be desperately trying to deny the awareness of my difference which had started on that day†. (Micheline Mason, in Campling, 1981, pp. 23-4) Research by Erikson would suggest that this experience suggests a cause-effect relationship. The young girls ‘sudden awareness of the effect of her disability on her future. Erikson called this process â€Å"normative crisis†. Erikson research uses analysis techniques that look for understanding of the viewpoints of particular individuals. In contrast Social Constructionist analyses data from an outsider viewpoint that acknowledges the insiders viewpoint â€Å"but does not privilege it†. (Phoenix, 2007). Clearly, the Social Constructionist approach contributes greatly to the study of identity. It offers psychological research an epistemological stance and new research methods that are unique and enrich psychological research. The Social Constructionist theory is that our everyday social relations create new ‘knowledges’ that are unique to the individual and their cultural context is a dramatic insight to the study of identity. The approach is further strengthened by the view that language is a crucial part of socially constructed knowledge. The very conversations we have create multiple meanings depending on the way people choose to tell our stories. One of the weaknesses of this approach is that it is difficult to analyse and research cannot be extrapolated to the population as a whole.

Disscussing The Advantages Of Effective Communication Information Technology Essay

Disscussing The Advantages Of Effective Communication Information Technology Essay The communication plays a vital role in the business. The effective communication brings the effective advantage and benefit to the company. Normally in business, the communication is very much essential for getting in touch with the other company. In a business, there are many communication channels are available to communicate with other companies. The traditional communication channel, such as letters can also be used for the business communication. But the tradition communication channel is very slow. But nowadays the modern communication channels makes the business communication very attractive and very quick. This assignment tries to show the importance of the communication channels in the context of change in the business. The research is carried forward to show the best communication media for the business. Many authors have viewed that direct communication is best for the business. In Direct communication, there will no loss of information or message. Many authors suggest that direct communication is best and the suitable method for business in the context of change. But with the growth of Information technology, the modern communication media is widely used in all the companies. The modern communication channels are very fast. So many people are preferring the modern communication channels. The traditional communication channels such as Letters becomes very less effective comparing to the modern communication channels. DEFINITION OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION The Business Communication is also simply called as Communication. The communication is the process that performs the following: Sending and Receiving Official messages. Exchanging the information, thoughts, ideas and emotions of the people. The communication is mainly used for the purpose of marketing the product. It uses the communication channel for transfer the information. Advantages of Effective Communication: It is mainly used for accomplishing shared understanding. It stimulates others peoples to take necessary actions to accomplish the goals and objective. It directs the flow of information from one people to another in a business. This helps the people to overcome the barriers in the business. The channels information helps to encourage people to think about the creativity and innovative techniques. General Forms of Communication Conversation communication Small group communication Large group communication TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Communication on the basis of Communication Channels. Communication on the basis of Styles and Purpose. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ON THE BASIS OF THE COMMUNICATION CHANNEL The Communication are of two types. They are as follows. The Verbal Communication The Non-Verbal Communication The Verbal Communication The Verbal Communication is related to the written and the oral communication. The oral communication means, it is the spoken words in the communication process. The oral communication are of two types. They are face-to-face or direct communication and the communication over the telephone or voice chatting(indirect communication). The written communication is of through writing the letter through email or traditional letter writing way. Success of the written communication is depends upon the style and attractive presentation of the letter. Normally in business, email is mainly used for the communication purpose. The Non-Verbal Communication The Non-Verbal communication means the body language of a person. It includes posture, gesture, and body movements of a person. The non-verbal communication an also be presented in the form of graphical presentations, signboards etc. While communicating, face expressions, hand gesture, body posture can convey the emotions of a person. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ON THE BASIS OF STYLE AND PURPOSE The Communication are of two types. They are as follows. The Formal Communication The InFormal Communication The Formal Communication The formal communication means, the communication carried down in a structured format. The formal communication can be used mainly for conducting official meeting, conferences, writing memos and letters etc. The formal communication is follwed by each and every company. In communication in company belongs to formal communication. The InFormal Communication The Informal communication means, the communication carried down between the friends and the family members in an unstructured way. This type of communication does not follow the rules and guidelines. It does not have any time limitation COMMUNICATION CHANNELS In the company, people are using the following type of communication channels for exchanging the confidential and official informations. They are as follows: E-mail Communication Letters Communication Voice chat or telephone Communication Face-to-Face Communication E-mail : This is the fastest means of communication. Nowaday people using email for their business. Letters : This includes memos, letters etc. This is the traditional communication methods. Voice chat or telephone: This is the voice converstaion over the phone or voice chat over the internet to communicate with the other company. Face-to-Face : This type of communication takes place in general meetings, interview. This is a type of direct communication. In the companies, these communication channels are mainly used for the business. REPORT REGARDING THE SCENARIO In this scenario, the company is decided to dismiss the employees for the purpose of reducing the operatinal cost. The best communication strategy to convey this bad news to the employees is through the email or through direct communication. The company people can also arrange for a meeting, in that meeting they can say obout the dismissal of the employees by communicating with them calmy and the reasons for dismissal. The persons who conveys the message should have good interpersonal communication skill. So that the person can convey the bad news to the employee without hurting them. MANAGERIAL COMMUNICATION IN THE CONTEXT OF CHANGE The mangement can follow the above said communication channels in their business. Mostly the best strategy for the business communication is through email, phone, voice chat and the direct communication. With the growing technology, many company are using video conferencing in their business. But it is not followed by all the companies. FINDINGS The modern communication system becoming very eminent and attractive. This modern communication system will flourish rapidly in the business. The developing companies can use this above said communication channels in their business. Using this communication channels, the management can handle the situation effectively and efficiently in the above said scenario. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The secondary research is used in this study. The literature was viewed to analyse how Business Communication plays a vital role in the companies. The important executives in the organization should know about all of these communication channels. Then only the company can run the business smoothly. The Email communication channel is very useful in the companies. Many authors viewed that while writing business email, the executives should follow standard business email writnig styles. The business communication is very essential for the maangement in the context of change. CONCLUSION Thus the Communication occupies an important position in the company. With out communication channels, the company can not the run business smoothly. The communication channels are developing, dynamic and multi-disciplinary activity. The traditional communication channels are also used by many companies. With the growth of Information technology, nowadys the companies are using video conferencing for their business. Therefore, the excellence in business communication brings ultimate and attractive benefits to the company.